【A-level化学】有机化学中涉及的化学反应大总结！
You need to know the equations, conditions, reagents and type of reaction for all these reactions.
You need to know the mechanism for some of them.
1.Alkane-chloroalkane
reagents: Cl2
conditions: UV light
mechanism: free radical substitution
equation: RH + Cl2=RCl + HCl
2.Alkene-polyalkene
Conditions: low T, high p.
Equation:
Type of reaction: addition polymerisation (free radical)
3.Alkene-bromoalkane
Reagent: HX(g)
Conditions: room T
Equation:
Type of reaction: electrophilic addition
4.Alkene-dibromoalkane
Reagent: Br2in water or in an organic solvent
Conditions: room T
Equation:
Mechanism: electrophilic addition
5.Alkene-alkylhydrogensulphate
Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid
Conditions: cold
Equation:
Mechanism: electrophilic addition
6.Alkylhydrogensulphate-alcohol
Reagent: water
Conditions: warm
Equation:
Type of reaction: hydrolysis
7.Alkene-alcohol
Reagent: steam
Conditions: 300oC, 60 atm, H3PO4catalyst
Equation:
Type of reaction: hydration
8.Haloalkane-alcohol
Reagent: NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq)
Conditions: warm under reflux
Equation: R-X + OH-=R-OH + X-
Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
9.Haloalkane-nitrile
Reagent: KCN in aqueous ethanol
Conditions: boil under reflux
Equation: R-X + CN- =R-CN + X-
Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
10.Haloalkane-Amine
Reagent: ammonia in ethanol in a sealed tube
Conditions: heat
Equation: R-X + 2NH3=R-NH2+ NH4X
Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
11.Haloalkane-alkene
Reagent: KOH in ethanol
Conditions: heat
Equation:
Type of reaction: elimination
12.Primary alcohol-aldehyde
Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: warm, distillation
Equation: RCH2OH + [O]=RCHO + H2O
Type of reaction: mild oxidation
13.Secondary alcohol-ketone
Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat, distillation
Equation: R1CH(OH)R2+ [O]=R1COR2+ H2O
Type of reaction: oxidation
14.aldehyde-carboxylic acid
Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat, reflux
Equation: R-CHO + [O]=R-COOH
Type of reaction: oxidation
15.Alcohols-alkenes
Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat
Equation:
Type of reaction: elimination
16.glucose-ethanol
reagent: yeast
conditions: 35 – 55oC, no air
equation: C6H12O6=2C2H5OH + 2CO2
type of reaction: fermentation
