【A-level宏观经济】inflation & deflation必考点讲解！-渊学通教育

【A-level宏观经济】inflation & deflation必考点讲解！

都说通货膨胀，通货膨胀，到底什么是通货膨胀？它的定义是什么？触发原因是什么？有了通货膨胀会对我们的日常生活造成哪些影响？经济学中如何看待通货膨胀？今天主页君就来给大家总结一下经济学中不可或缺的知识点：通货膨胀(inflation)。

Inflation

Inflation is the sustained rise in the general price level over time. This means that the cost of living increases and the purchasing power of money decreases.简单来说就是物价上涨，货币的购买力下降。

Deflation

Deflation is the opposite, where the average price level in the economy falls. There is a negative inflation rate. Deflation与inflation刚好相反，描述的是价格下降的情况，inflation rate也是负的。

Disinflation

Disinflation is the falling rate of inflation. This is when the average price level is still rising, but to a slower extent. This means goods and services are relatively cheaper now than a year ago, and the purchasing power of money has increased. Disinflation是指inflation的速度在下降，但经济整体还在经历inflation的情况。

小伙伴们要注意区分inflation，deflation和disinflation，举个例子来说:2014年至2015年间,物价水平上涨4%将是inflation。从4%到2%的变化仍然是inflation,但在物价上涨放缓的情况下,出现了disinflation。如果现在物价水平的变化是-3%,就会deflation。

Causes of inflation

1. Demand pull:

当总需求不可持续地增长时,就会出现资源压力。生产者会提高价格,赚取更多利润。因此inflation便产生了。

The main triggers for demand pull inflation are:

A depreciation in the exchange rate, which causes imports to become more expensive, whilst exports become cheaper. This causes AD to rise.

Fiscal stimulus in the form of lower taxes or more government spending. This means consumers have more disposable income, so consumer spending increases.

Lower interest rates makes saving less attractive and borrowing more attractive, so consumer spending increases.

High growth in UK export markets means UK exports increase and AD increases.

2. Cost push:

当公司面临花费上涨时，生产者会提高价格，促生inflation。

This occurs when:

Changes in world commodity prices can affect domestic inflation. For example, raw materials might become more expensive if oil prices rise. This increases costs of production.

Labour becomes more expensive. This could be through trade unions, for example.

Expectations of inflation- if consumers expect prices to rise, they may ask for higher wages to make up for this, and this could trigger more inflation.

Indirect taxes could increase the cost of goods such as cigarettes or fuel, if producers choose to pass the costs onto the consumer.

Depreciation in the exchange rate, which causes imports to become more expensive and pushes up the price of raw materials.

Monopolies, using their dominant market position to exploit consumers with high prices.

The effects of inflation on：

Consumers

那些低收入和固定收入的消费者受到通货膨胀的打击最大,因为通货膨胀的倒退效应,因为食品和水等必需品的成本变得昂贵。货币的购买力下降,对高收入人群的影响最小。

如果消费者有贷款,还款价值会更低,因为欠的金额不会随着通货膨胀而增加,所以债务的实际价值就会下降。

Firms

低利率意味着借贷和投资比节省利润更有吸引力。在高通胀的情况下,利率可能会更高,因此投资成本会更高,企业投资的可能性也会更小。

工人可能要求更高的工资,这可能会增加企业的生产成本。

如果通胀高企,企业在全球范围内的价格竞争力可能会降低。

不可预测的通胀将降低企业信心,同时意味着投资减少。