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A-level经济|宏观经济问题之失业

来源:渊学通      发布时间:

A-level经济|宏观经济问题之失业

 

 

A2阶段的经济学中

我们会学习到三个主要的宏观经济问题:

 

economic growth

economic development

unemployment

 

我们As阶段学习过的inflationbalance of payments,会在A2部分结合unemployment一起讲。那么我们先从unemployment讲起。

 

首先我们需要知道两个概念:

full employmentnatural rate of unemployment.

Full employment一般是和所有的resources,也就是factors of productionlabour, capital, land, enterprise)联系在一起的,full employment指的是highest possible use of a factor of production. 那么这里我们要讲的full employment of labour就是说labour is fully employed,但是,这并不是说unemployment rate0,因为现实生活中总会有人在换工作(more on this later),所以呢,经济学家们就提出full employment时的失业率大约是3%,但这个值可能根据不同的国家而改变。

Natural rate of unemployment(也叫non-accelerating inflation rate of unemploymentNairu)是当劳动力市场达到equilibrium的时候的失业率。此时,劳动力的demandsupply相等,并且没有劳动力价格(也就是工资)上涨的趋势。

以上两点可能会在大题中考到,大家牢记:要解释大题题目中提到的每一个专业名词!

 

接下来讲很重要很重要,大题中一般必考的知识点:causes of unemployment.

 

有三大主要种类的失业:frictional(摩擦性),structural(结构性),cyclical(周期性)。

happens when unemployed people choose not to take up the job vacancies on offer. 也就是说,“有工作机会,但劳资不干”。这又分几种情况:

 

1.Search unemploymentwhen workers who have lost one job do not take the first job offered to them. Instead they search around for a better job. 就是说由于想找一个更好的工作,不接受现在的工作offer

2.Casual unemploymentwhen workers have periods of employment followed by periods of unemployment. 比如说,演员就是典型的例子,拍完一部戏可能就会有段时间没戏了。

3.Seasonal unemploymentwhen people work during certain periods of the year and then are unemployed during off peak time. 比如说,导游可能就会在旅游旺季有更多工作,有些季节可能就失业了。

 

exists due to the occupational and geographical immobility of labour.It lasts longer than frictional unemployment and can be on a significantly larger scale. 这是由于经济结构的变化(由于消费者喜好、技术更新等等),比如一些行业的兴起和一些行业的衰落,导致的失业。具体分这几种情况:

 

1.International unemploymentwhen workers lose their jobs because industries decline due to competition from foreign industries. 比如说,由于沃尔玛等大连锁超市的入驻,很多小地方当地的小零售业可能就会受影响,甚至倒闭,导致失业。

2.Regional unemploymentwhen industries and occupations decline in particular areas of the country. 比如说美国的底特律,破产后当地失业升高。

3.Technological unemploymentwhen industries and occupations disappear due to advances in technology. 典型的例子就是以前我们用传呼机,需要接线员等等工人,但现在这个行业没有了,取而代之的是电信行业,所以旧员工如果不能更新知识(这也叫做occupational immobility),就会因为经济结构的变化而失业。

 

exists due to a lack of aggregate demand. 所以这个也叫demand-deficit unemployment. 整个经济中社会总需求不足,导致价格水平偏低,企业生产减少,导致失业率升高。这个是最厉害的失业,因为当它发生时说明整个经济不够有活力了,所以基本上大部分行业都不太好了。

失业的consequencesbenefits and costs.

咦,失业怎么还有benefits呢?如果理性的从经济学角度分析,是有的,只不过costs太大了overweighbenefit

这里就列几个bullet points,大家答题时可以详细展开说。

Benefits:reduce inflationary pressure

enable firms to expand

give the unemployed workers time to reflect and search for jobs.

 

Costs:economy will lose potential output and so living standards may be lower than possible

the government will lose potential tax revenue and will have to spend more on unemployment benefits

the unemployed are likely to suffer a fall in income and may experience health problems

等等等等,结合着AD下降来说.

 

 

最后大家需要记得的是,在经济答题时,一个比较好的方法是结合着现实生活中的例子来说,这样更能充分展示你对这个知识点的掌握!祝大家的A Level经济成绩up up~

 


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